OCEANIA.
In this unit you will learn about…
    -Oceania and its parts.
    -Some animals of Oceania.
    -Natural spaces of Oceania.
    -The Sydney Opera House.
    -Some interesting facts about Oceania.
Introduction.
The continent of Oceania includes Australia and many surrounding island countries. It is located at the west of Africa and at the south-east of Asia. Australia is the second smallest continent in terms of population and the smallest continent by size. Oceania is surrounded by the Indian and Pacific Ocean. There are areas with forest but a great part of the region's land mass is desert. Oceania has a lot of biodiversity; some examples are the kangaroo, the platypus or the koala.
Population: 36,593,000 (Source: 2010 United Nations).
Area: 3,296,044 square miles.
Major cities: Sydney (Australia), Auckland (New Zealand), Melbourne (Australia), Perth (Australia), Brisbane (Australia), Adelaide (Australia), Gold Coast (Australia), Canberra (Australia), Manukau (New Zealand), Christchurch (New Zealand).

1.-Oceania and its parts.
    1.1.-Australia.
Australia is a country in the southern hemisphere between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Its official name is the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia is the sixth biggest country in the world.
The Australian emblem is a flower called the Golden Wattle.

Approximately, 24 million people live in Australia, and about 80% of them live on the east coast. About 60% live in and around Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. Australia's capital city is Canberra.
Australia is known for its mining and for its production of wool. Australia is the world's largest producer of bauxite.
Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and other islands on the Australian tectonic plate form one of the world's great ecozones.
     
1.2.-New Zealand.
New Zealand  is an Oceanian country in the south-western Pacific Ocean. It is made up of two large islands (the North Island and the South Island) and many much smaller islands. In 2010, it was ranked as the 8th happiest country in the world. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand sign language.
The islands were discovered in 1642 by the explorer Abel Tasman. Some years later, James Cook, was the first to map the islands.
    
1.3.-New Guinea.
New Guinea is a big island at the north of Australia. On the east side of New Guinea is the country Papua New Guinea and on the west side of the island are the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Irian Jaya. New Guinea is also very important for its nature and biology, because there are many different animals and plants endemic from the island.
About 6.9 million people live on the island.
   
1.3.-Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia.
These archipelagos are formed by a large group of more than a thousand islands in the central and southern Pacific Ocean.
Most of the islands are of volcanic origin, with coral formations. The terrain is mountainous in general and tropical climate with abundant rainfall.
Its main economic activity is agriculture. The main industrial crop is coconut, vanilla, coffee and citrus fruits in large quantities.
     
2.-Animals.
Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is a term used to describe the variety of living things in the natural environment: the different plants, animals and micro-organisms; the genes they contain; and the ecosystems in which they occur.
Oceania is one of the most bio diverse continents in the world. These are some animals that you can find in Oceania (Australia):
The kangaroos are marsupials endemic from Oceania. There is a legend which says that the name kangaroo comes from the ancient aborigine language of Australia, this is because when European explorers arrived in Australia they found these animals. They were surprised by this strange animal and they decided to ask aborigine people its name, and the aboriginal people answered “Kan Ghu Ru” that means “I don´t understand you”, the European believed that this was the name and they named the animal “kangaroo”. It is just a legend.
    
The Tasmanian devil is a carnivorous marsupial, now found in the wild only on the Australian island state of Tasmania. It has the size of a small dog; it is the largest carnivorous marsupial in the world.
    
Koalas look like teddy bears; this adorable animal is a marsupial. Females carry their new born in the bag for about six months. Koalas live in eastern Australia, where there is more eucalyptus. Koalas sleep up to 18 hours a day, subject to the trees. When they are not sleeping they are feeding on eucalyptus leaves.
    

3.-Natural spaces.
    3.1.-Great Barrier Reef.
One of Australia´s most important natural gifts is the Great Barrier Reef that is the largest coral reef of the world. The reef contains a great abundance of marine life. Because of its natural beauty, the Great Barrier Reef has become one of the world´s most sought after tourist destinations. A visitor to the Great Barrier of reef can enjoy many experiences including snorkelling, scuba diving, aircraft or helicopter tours, swimming with dolphins and sharks...
The Great Barrier Reef is one of the seven wonders of the natural world, and pulling away from it, and viewing it from a greater distance, you can understand why. It is larger than the Great Wall of China and the only living things on earth visible from space.
   
3.2.-National park of Kakadu.
The Kakadu National Park is a national park in northern Australia, located 171 km at the east of Darwin. The name 'Kakadu' comes from the aboriginal language Gagudju. The park is part of a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Its extension is equivalent to that of Israel and is believed to contain 10% of world uranium reserves. The park has two seasons, rainy and drought. During the rainy season (October to April), it is not possible to access many areas of the park. During the dry season (May to September) it is when you can visit the park.
        
3.3.-National Park of Naracoorte Caves.
Naracoorte Caves is an Australian national park located near the town of Naracoorte; a tourist region in the southeastern state of South Australia. The site was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1994 for its great quantity of fossils. It preserves 6 km² of vegetation, with 26 caves
       
4.-The Sydney Opera House.
The Sydney Opera House is located in the city of Sydney, Australia; it is one of the most famous buildings in the country and in the world.
It was designed by the Danish architect Jørn Utzon in 1957 and it was inaugurated on October 20, 1973.
In the building there are plays, ballet, opera or musical productions.
The Sydney Opera House is one of the most popular visitor attractions in Australia; more than eight million people visit the site each year.
On 28 June 2007, the Sydney Opera House became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
      
5.-Interesting facts about Oceania.
Much of Oceania is sparsely populated and there are more sheep in Oceania than people.
Australia was first used as a prison colony by Britain where they would send unwanted criminals and outcasts.
The name Australia means "land of the south".
There are less people that live in all the continent of Oceania than in the Spain.
Oceania is located in the southern hemisphere. This means that it has winter during June, July, and August and summer during the months of December, January, and February.
Activities.
1. - Would you travel sometime to Australia? Why?
2. - Look at these images of Oceania. Choose one and explain what do you see and what´s your opinion about this.
   
3.-Why do you think that the Sydney Opera House is very important?
4.-Would you swim with sharks and dolphins in the Great Barrier Reef?
6.-With the information that you have make a trip plan to Australia.
Vocabulary
Much many: muchos más.
Surrounding: circundantes, rodeando.
Platypus: ornitorrinco.
Square miles: millas cuadradas.
Mainland: continent.
Mining: minería.
Wool: lana.
Rainfall: lluvias.
Crop: cultivo.
Gifts: regalos.
Seek: buscar.
Sought: buscado.
Pulling away from it: alejándonos de ello.
Seasons: estaciones.
Drought: sequía.
Plays: obras de teatro.
Sparsely: escasamente.
Outcasts: parias, proscritos, marginados.

ME	MYSELF	I	MY	MINE
YOU	YOURSELF	YOU	YOUR	YOURS
HIM	HIMSELF	HE	HIS	HIS
HER	HERSELF	SHE	HER	HERS
IT	ITSELF	IT	ITS	ITS
US	OURSELVES	WE	OUR	OURS
YOU	YOURSELVES	YOU	YOUR	YOURS
THEM	THEMSELVES	THEY	THEIR	THEIRS

Toolbox 0

I	AM	YO SOY	YO ESTOY
YOU	ARE
HE	IS
SHE
IT
WE	ARE
YOU
THEY

I	WAS	YO ERA	YO ESTABA
YOU	WERE
HE	WAS
SHE
IT
WE	WERE
YOU
THEY

I	HAVE	YO TENGO	YO HE
YOU
HE	HAS
SHE
IT
WE	HAVE
YOU
THEY

I	HAD	YO TENÍA	YO HABÍA
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY

DO/DOES DID

DO/DOES DID

DO/DOES DID PARA PREGUNTAR Y NEGAR EN PRESENTE Y PASADO

You eat fish                Do you eat fish?                 You don´t eat fish

He eats fish                Does he eat fish?               He doesn´t eat fish

( En tercera persona del singular al preguntar y negar le quito la “s” al verbo y se la pongo a “do” que se convierte en “does”)

You ate fish                 Did you eat fish?                 You didn´t eat fish

He walked                    Did he walk                           He didn´t walk

( al preguntar y negar le quito el pasado al verbo y se lo pongo a “do” que se convierte en “did”

NO PROBLEMS IN BCH 2 IF YOU HAVE REVISED THIS

SEE, INVITE, BE	SAW, INVITED, WAS/WERE	SEEN, INVITED, BEEN
Invite/s Will invite Would invite Am/is/are/Was/were inviting	Invited If I invited	Have/has invited Has invited Was/were invited Will be invited

You should, you ought to, you must, you have to. You don’t have to, you needn’t.

We had been able, we have been able, we could, we are able, we can, we will be able.

We may, we might

IMPERSONAL SUBJECT “there”

There had been, there have/has been, there are/is, there will be.

There could be a problem; there should be a change in government

pronombre personal yo, tu , el  I,you,he,she, it, we, you, they

pro pronombre objeto  a mi, a ti me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

adjetivo posesivo mi, tu, su my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their

pronombre posesivo el mio, tuyo mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs

pronombre reflexivo me,te,se myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

QUESTIONS

Do, does, did.

Aren’t you? Wasn’t he?

What, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why, how. How many, how much, how often, how far, how good, how well, how old, how hot, how deep, how high, how tall how thick, how wide?

Are you ready? What happened?

What’s this for? Who are you going with?

Could you tell me how far it is to the bank? Do you know where Jane is?

SHORT ANSWERS

Why not? Which one? Neither do I, so do I, nor can I, I hope so, I suppose so, I´m afraid so, I´m afraid not, I don´t suppose so, no, I don’t think so, I hope not.

NEGATIVE WORDS

Not, never, no, none, nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere, neither, nor

PLURALS

Children, men, women, teeth, feet, mice, boxes, sheep, fish, bodies, thieves, scarves, wives, lives, knives.

This, these, that, those

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Anybody, everybody, nobody, somebody. Anyone, everyone, no one, someone. Anything, everything, nothing, something.

THE ARTICLE

a/ an, the/0

other, another, another one, others

POSSESSION

Whose house is this? The house of Peter/ Peter´s house.

COMPARISON

You use “ more” and “most” with most two-syllable adjectives, all longer adjectives and adverbs ending in –ly. With some common two syllable adjectives and adverbs you can either add –er and –est or use more and most: common, cruel, gentle, handsome, likely, narrow, pleasant, polite, simple, stupid.

Good better the best. Bad worse the worst.

This book is less interesting than mine.

Paul is as tall as Mary. Susan is younger than Jane. You are the fastest.

You can use adverbs of degree in front of comparative adjectives: a bit, far, a great deal, a good deal, a little, a lot, much, rather, slightly.

The smaller it is the cheaper it is to post. The larger the administration is, the greater the problem of administration becomes.

Flats are becoming more and more expensive.

The more the better. The quicker we finish, the sooner we will go home. He drove faster and faster till we told him to stop.

ADVERBIALS OF MANNER

Badly, beautifully, carefully, quickly, quietly, softly, gently, easily, automatically,

ADVERBIALS OF TIME

The day before yesterday, yesterday, today, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, last night, next week, the other day. At Christmas, at Easter, at breakfast, at the weekend. In the morning, in the evenings. On Monday, on Christmas Day, on my birthday, on the twentieth of July, on June 21^st.  For three days during the summer. Since. From- till. Before/ after. Ago. till, until, before, after, later, then, at that time, after, again, formerly, late, now, then, once, twice, three times,  seldom, soon, still.

FREQUENCY

Always, ever, normally, usually, a lot, frequently, often, sometimes, occasionally, hardly ever, rarely, never.

PROBABILITY

Certainly, definitely, maybe, obviously, perhaps, possibly, probably, really.

Have you ever been to a football match? Don’t ever do that again. If you ever need anything, just call me. She is the best dancer I have ever seen.

ADVERBIAL OF DURATION

Already, still, yet, any longer, any more, no longer.

ADVERBS OF DEGREE

Badly, greatly, seriously, strongly, almost, largely, nearly, really, quite, awfully, extremely, fairly, pretty, quite, rather, really, very, entirely, just, largely, mainly, partly, simply, absolutely, perfectly, purely, totally.

PLACE

Above, over, on, on top of, between, in between, among, at, behind, in front of, below, beneath, underneath, under, beside, near, next to, in, inside, outside, opposite, round, through,

DIRECTION

Across, along, back to, down, into, onto, out of, past, round, through, to, towards, up, away, down, straight, forwards, backwards.

PLACE AND DIRECTION

Abroad, away, downstairs, downwards, here, indoors, outdoors, there, over there, underground, upstairs, anywhere,, nowhere, somewhere, far from.

PLACE “at, in, on”

At the bus stop, at Paul’s house, at the bottom, at the back, at the end, at the station, at the airport,  at school, at home, at the corner ( street), on the corner (street), in the corner (room), in the east of Scotland, at the cinema, at 12 Oxford street, on a chair, on the north coast.

TRANSPORT PREPOSITIONS

By train, by car, by plane, by coach, by bicycle, by bus. On foot

VERB + PREPOSITION

Belong to, consist of, hope for, insist on, lead to, listen to, pay for, refer to, sympathize with, agree on/with, apologize for/to, suffer from/with, laugh at, look at/for/after, shout at, smile at, apologize for, apply for, ask for, wait for, think of/ about, count on, depend on, rely on, listen to, agree with, argue with, disagree with.

INSTRUCTIONS AND REQUESTS

Could you just switch on the light behind you?

Will you please leave the room?

I would like you to finish this work by Thursday. I want you to be here at eight o’clock.

Could you show me how to do it? Would you do me a favour? Will you post this for me? Would you mind doing the washing up? Do you think you could help me? I wonder if you could look after my cat for me while I’m away?

SUGGESTIONS

You could phone her. Could we do it at the weekend?

Shall we talk about something different now? Shall we go and see a film?

How about using my car? Let’s go outside. Why don’t we just phone her?

Why not go?

OFFERS AND INVITATIONS

Would you like a drink? Would you like to come for a meal?

Will you come to a party on Saturday? Could I help you carry those bags? Shall I spell that for you?

You must come and visit me. Let me take you to your room.

Do have a chocolate biscuit. Do help yourselves. Why don’t you come to lunch tomorrow?

PURPOSE AND REASON CLAUSES

The children sleep together to keep warm.

He was giving up his job in order to stay at home.

 He said he did it for fun. I’ve got the key in case we want to go inside

Stop her. go away. come here. sit down. look out, there’s a car coming.

LINKERS

Nevertheless, however, besides, in spite of, despite, although, though

With, without, within, about,

Also, too, neither….. nor

CONDITIONALS

If she invites me I will go. If she invited me I would go. If she had invited me I would have gone.

REPORTED SPEECH

She said to me that, she told me that, she told me to/ not to, he asked me to/ not to/ if

PREFIXES

Atypical, anti-government, autobiography, bilingual, bimonthly, co-author, counter-measure, deactivate, dishonest, eco-friendly, ex-policeman, extra-European, extra-strong,  hyperinflation, illegal, impossible, inter-city, malfunction, megawatt, micro-organism, mid-June, minibus, miscalculate, monogamy, multi-colored, neo-classical, non-smoker, non-fatal, outswim someone (swim faster than him), over-cautious, part-baked, polysyllabic, post-Christmas, pre-election, pro-democracy, pseudo-science, re-read, semi-conscious, subcommittee, substandard living conditions, super-fit, tricycle, ultra-light, unacceptable, underweight.

SUFFIXES

Reliability, readable, environmental, enthusiastically, brilliance, protection, accuracy, cooked, teacher, mixer, useful, photographic, political, sleeping, yellowish, reddish, racism, fascist, childless, cheerfully, assessment, gentleness, courageous, dirty, it tastes chocolately 

VERB TENSES SURVIVAL KIT

FIND	FOUND	FOUND
I find, you find, he finds… I was finding, you were finding, he was finding… I am finding, you are finding… I will find, you will find… I would find, you would find… I am going to find, you are going to find, he is going to find… I was going to find, you were going to find… I can find, you can find… I could find, you could find… I must find, you must find… I have to find, you have to find, he has to find…	I found, you found, he found… If  I found, If you found, if he found…	I have found, you have found, he has found… I had found, you had found, he had found… I am found, you are found, he is found… I was found, you were found, he was found

ENCONTRAR	ENCONTRÉ/ENCONTRASE	ENCONTRADO
Yo encuentro, tu encuentras, el encuentra… Yo estaba encontrando, tú estabas encontrando, él estaba encontrando… Yo estoy encontrando, tú estás encontrando… Yo encontraré, tú encontrarás… Yo encontraría, tú encontrarías… Yo voy a encontrar, tú vas a encontrar, él va a encontrar… Tú ibas a encontrar… Yo puedo encontrar, tú puedes encontrar… Yo pude encontrar, tú pudiste encontrar… Yo debo encontrar, tu debes encontrar… Yo tengo que encontrar, tu tienes que encontrar, él tiene que encontrar…	Yo encontré, tú encontraste, él encontró… Si yo encontrara, si tú encontraras, si él encontrara…	Yo he encontrado, tú has encontrado, él ha encontrado… Yo había encontrado, tú habías encontrado, él había encontrado… Yo soy encontrado, tú eres encontrado, él es encontrado… Yo fui encontrado, tú fuiste encontrado, él fue encontrado…

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

A pain in the neck	pesado
After you	Para ceder el paso
Again and again	Una y otra vez
Are you kidding me?	¿ me estás vacilando?
As clear as day	Tan claro como el agua
As soon as possible	Lo antes posible
Ass licker	lameculos
Better late than never	Mas vale tarde que nunca
bullshit	Una mierda
By chance	Por casualidad
By heart	De memoria
Carry on	continúa
Count me in	Cuenta conmigo
Doesn’t matter	No importa
don’t get me wrong	No me malinterpretes
don’t pull my leg	No me molestes
don’t worry	No te preocupes
Enough is enough	Basta ya
Fair and square	Como dios manda
Feel like (más gerundio -ing)	Apetecer (do you feel like dancing?)
For sure	Por supuesto
For the love of it	Por amor al arte
From A to Z	De pe a pa
From now on	De ahora en adelante
From time to time	De vez en cuando
Fuck off!	A la mierda!
Get lost!	Pierdete!
Get off!	Aparta!
Get out of my way	Aparta!
Give it to me straight	Dimelo claro
Go fly a kite	Vete a la porra
Guess what?	¿sabes qué?
He gets on my nerves	Me saca de quicio
He is on his way, I am on my way	Esta de camino
Help youself	Sirvete tu mismo
Here you are	Aquí tienes
High five/ give me five	Choca esos cinco
Hold your horses	Para el carro
Holy crap!	Puta mierda!
Holy shit!	Joder!
How come?	¿cómo es eso?
How embarrasing!	¡ qué vergüenza!
How you doing? How you going?	¿cómo lo llevas? ¿qué tal?
I do like it	De verdad que me gusta
I don’t give a fuck	Me la suda
I don’t care	Me la trae floja
I don’t feel like doing it	No me apetece hacerlo
I don’t give a damn/shit	Me importa un carajo
I don’t mind	No me importa
I don’t think so	No creo
I think so	Creo que si
I guess so	Supongo que si
I have no idea	No tengo ni idea
I mean	Me refiero
I see	Ya veo
I wish	ojalá
I’m fond of	Soy aficionado a
In fact	De hecho
It’s finger licking good	Esta para chuparse los dedos
It’s on me	Invito yo
It’s on the house	Invita la casa
It’s up to you	Depende de ti, como quieras
Feel free to	No te cortes en
Just in case	Por si acaso
Keep an eye on	Vigila a
Keep dreaming	Sigue soñando
Give or take	Mas o menos
Last but one	penùltimo
Last night	anoche
Look out!	¿cuidado!
Make my day	Alegrame el día
Make up your mind	decídete
Make yourself at home	Sientete como en casa
maybe	A lo mejor
Me neither	Yo tampoco
Me too	Yo también
meanwhile	Mientras tanto
Never again	Nunca más
Never mind	No importa
No bother	No te preocupes
No way	Ni hablar
No wonder	No me extraña
No worries	Sin problema
Not at all, you are welcome, it’s ok	De nada
Not bad	No está mal
it`s not my bissiness	No es asunto mio
it´s not my cup of tea	No me va
Not worth a penny/ a shit	No vale para nada
Oh dear! Oh my God! Oh my Gosh!	Oh Dios mio!
Once in a lifetime	Una vez en la vida
Once in a while/ from time to time	De vez en cuando
Over and over again	Una y otra vez
Paint from the same brush	Mismo perro con distinto collar
Piss off	A la mierda
Pleasure/bless you	Jesús
Really?	¿En serío?
Did you not?	¿De verdad que no?
Say when	Di cuando paro
She/he turns me on	Me pone
Shut the fuck up!	Callate de una puta vez
Shut up!	cállate
So bad/ so badly	Un montón
So do I	Y yo igual
So long	Hasta la vista
Some other time	Otra vez será
Start from scratch	Empezar de cero
Stop messing around	Deja de hacer el tonto
That's life	Asi es la vida
Take it easy	Tómatelo con calma
Talking of the devil	Hablando del rey de Roma
Thanks in advance	Gracias por adelantado
That's what I mean	A eso me refiero
That's what matters	Eso es lo que importa
The more the merrier	Cuantos más mejor
The sooner the better	Cuanto antes mejor
Think twice	Piensalo dos veces
To be high	Estar colocado
To be over the moon	Estar feliz
To chew the carpet	Tragarse el orgullo
To feel blue	Estar deprimido
To get rid of	Librarse de algo
To give somebody a lift	Llevar a alguien que hacía dedo
To hang around	Andar por ahi
To chill out	Relajarse, descansar
To have a finger in every pie	Estar en misa y repicando, en todos lados
To have an argue	Tener una discusión
To make a point	Dejar claro algo
posh	Pijo
Train bound for	Tren con destino a
Northbound, Southbound, Eastbound...	Con destino al norte...
Upside down	Boca abajo
Watch out!	¡cuidado!
Mind the...	Cuidado con...
We are even	Stamos en paz
What a pity!	¡ qué pena!
What a rip off!	¡Menuda estafa!
What a shame!	¡qué vergüenza!
What the fuck?	¿qué cojones?
What on Earth?	¿qué carajo?
No doubt	Sin duda
You are on thin ice	Estas jugando con fuego
I'll do my best	Haré lo que pueda